1 00:00:00,220 --> 00:00:12,320 [Music] 2 00:00:17,630 --> 00:00:14,750 all right thanks very much I've had a 3 00:00:18,770 --> 00:00:17,640 pretty good set up so far and right 4 00:00:22,820 --> 00:00:18,780 upfront I'll tell you this is a bit of a 5 00:00:25,130 --> 00:00:22,830 sales pitch and hopefully I'm going to 6 00:00:27,589 --> 00:00:25,140 set up Deborah Fisher for the live wire 7 00:00:29,810 --> 00:00:27,599 talk with with a little bit of 8 00:00:35,420 --> 00:00:29,820 background and at least a little bit of 9 00:00:37,220 --> 00:00:35,430 a push and in a previous era question 10 00:00:39,200 --> 00:00:37,230 you know she mentioned you know the 11 00:00:41,569 --> 00:00:39,210 search for are we alone and I think it's 12 00:00:43,790 --> 00:00:41,579 even broader than that natural biology 13 00:00:47,119 --> 00:00:43,800 is asking you know where did we come 14 00:00:48,650 --> 00:00:47,129 from where are we going and are we alone 15 00:00:52,220 --> 00:00:48,660 and I think these are the driving 16 00:00:54,919 --> 00:00:52,230 questions not only for astrobiology but 17 00:00:57,799 --> 00:00:54,929 for cosmology as well and so whatever 18 00:01:00,619 --> 00:00:57,809 future Large Telescope that we build to 19 00:01:03,739 --> 00:01:00,629 try and look for you know signs of 20 00:01:05,780 --> 00:01:03,749 habitability or habitable exoplanets we 21 00:01:07,100 --> 00:01:05,790 also want to address general cosmology 22 00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:07,110 as well because we're part of a much 23 00:01:10,160 --> 00:01:08,850 bigger community and these large 24 00:01:13,160 --> 00:01:10,170 investments are going to be something 25 00:01:17,810 --> 00:01:13,170 that we have to share across the 26 00:01:20,170 --> 00:01:17,820 spectrum of politics this is an image 27 00:01:22,550 --> 00:01:20,180 from the deep space climate Observatory 28 00:01:24,980 --> 00:01:22,560 spacecraft of the earth and the moon and 29 00:01:27,680 --> 00:01:24,990 imagine the moment when we have not an 30 00:01:29,570 --> 00:01:27,690 image but at least a mental image of 31 00:01:33,140 --> 00:01:29,580 another system that's like our home 32 00:01:35,230 --> 00:01:33,150 planet the problem is and our 2.0 as we 33 00:01:39,980 --> 00:01:35,240 all know is going to be incredibly faint 34 00:01:41,960 --> 00:01:39,990 how faint you may ask fainter than the 35 00:01:44,720 --> 00:01:41,970 faintest galaxies in the Hubble Deep 36 00:01:48,680 --> 00:01:44,730 Field and so this is the grand challenge 37 00:01:51,500 --> 00:01:48,690 that we have ahead of us you've heard a 38 00:01:55,370 --> 00:01:51,510 number of talks that are addressing you 39 00:01:58,580 --> 00:01:55,380 know either networks addressing 40 00:02:00,680 --> 00:01:58,590 planetary atmospheres about you know 41 00:02:03,830 --> 00:02:00,690 planets that are sub Neptune's planets 42 00:02:07,340 --> 00:02:03,840 that are rocky Earth's we are not just 43 00:02:10,699 --> 00:02:07,350 looking to be lucky to find that one 44 00:02:14,479 --> 00:02:10,709 rocky planet around a very near stellar 45 00:02:15,860 --> 00:02:14,489 system M star we really need to assume 46 00:02:17,509 --> 00:02:15,870 that we're not going to be lucky and we 47 00:02:21,350 --> 00:02:17,519 want a large number of planets to look 48 00:02:23,380 --> 00:02:21,360 at not only because we want to try and 49 00:02:25,520 --> 00:02:23,390 find a planet that might be habitable 50 00:02:27,440 --> 00:02:25,530 but also because we want to 51 00:02:29,390 --> 00:02:27,450 try and understand the context and the 52 00:02:31,040 --> 00:02:29,400 range because if we're not lucky we 53 00:02:33,140 --> 00:02:31,050 still want to do great science we don't 54 00:02:35,750 --> 00:02:33,150 understand what the prospects are and so 55 00:02:37,910 --> 00:02:35,760 this is a chart that shows the diameter 56 00:02:40,610 --> 00:02:37,920 of the telescope that we might build and 57 00:02:42,530 --> 00:02:40,620 the EXO earth candidate yield so this is 58 00:02:44,930 --> 00:02:42,540 just a subset of the planets that we 59 00:02:48,890 --> 00:02:44,940 might see and you and you can see here 60 00:02:51,140 --> 00:02:48,900 you know that if we want to get two or 61 00:02:52,729 --> 00:02:51,150 three you know we can build you know a 62 00:02:55,309 --> 00:02:52,739 small telescope if we want to get 63 00:02:57,320 --> 00:02:55,319 hundreds of planets to interrogate we're 64 00:03:01,699 --> 00:02:57,330 going to have to be up in the 15 to 20 65 00:03:04,729 --> 00:03:01,709 meter telescope size so really if you 66 00:03:06,170 --> 00:03:04,739 just get to the cut to the chase you 67 00:03:09,050 --> 00:03:06,180 need a telescope that's bigger than 68 00:03:13,130 --> 00:03:09,060 about fifteen or sixteen meters now 69 00:03:16,580 --> 00:03:13,140 that's a big telescope but it makes a 70 00:03:19,130 --> 00:03:16,590 big difference and I don't want to ping 71 00:03:20,990 --> 00:03:19,140 on anybody's small telescope keeping in 72 00:03:23,930 --> 00:03:21,000 mind that I'm a Hubble hugger and Hubble 73 00:03:26,930 --> 00:03:23,940 is 2.4 meters so but size does matter 74 00:03:30,020 --> 00:03:26,940 here's a four meter telescope this is 75 00:03:32,300 --> 00:03:30,030 the exoplanet yield looking across the 76 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:32,310 spectrum of planets from rocky 77 00:03:37,550 --> 00:03:35,370 earth-like planets to Neptunes to 78 00:03:39,440 --> 00:03:37,560 Jupiter's and this is the kind of 79 00:03:41,539 --> 00:03:39,450 histogram you can get with a four meter 80 00:03:44,030 --> 00:03:41,549 telescope in a reasonable lifetime of 81 00:03:45,620 --> 00:03:44,040 the telescope and it's pretty puny we're 82 00:03:47,780 --> 00:03:45,630 not going to build a scientific 83 00:03:49,670 --> 00:03:47,790 enterprise around this if you go to 16 84 00:03:54,440 --> 00:03:49,680 meters now you're talking about you know 85 00:03:56,270 --> 00:03:54,450 lots of rocky planets lots of Neptune's 86 00:03:58,280 --> 00:03:56,280 and even a reasonable number of 87 00:04:00,890 --> 00:03:58,290 Jupiter's and this is showing the 88 00:04:03,979 --> 00:04:00,900 breakdown between hot warm and cold so 89 00:04:07,670 --> 00:04:03,989 that even have more distribution this is 90 00:04:11,060 --> 00:04:07,680 Drake demyans you know great spectrum of 91 00:04:12,710 --> 00:04:11,070 a happens to be a hot Jupiter and the 92 00:04:14,509 --> 00:04:12,720 question is is this characteristic of 93 00:04:16,190 --> 00:04:14,519 all half Jupiter's and the answer is no 94 00:04:18,080 --> 00:04:16,200 you know when you go and look at a 95 00:04:19,400 --> 00:04:18,090 number of them which is remarkable that 96 00:04:21,469 --> 00:04:19,410 we can do that at all 97 00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:21,479 but we start seeing that every one of 98 00:04:27,920 --> 00:04:23,370 these is different and this was a 99 00:04:31,670 --> 00:04:27,930 significant investment 498 HST orbits so 100 00:04:34,250 --> 00:04:31,680 there's also a time factor so this is a 101 00:04:37,909 --> 00:04:34,260 great cartoon that we show showing a 102 00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:37,919 spectrum of you know a rocky planet with 103 00:04:40,460 --> 00:04:39,210 an atmosphere and 104 00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:40,470 wouldn't it be great if we could measure 105 00:04:45,890 --> 00:04:43,050 the scattering in the atmosphere oxygen 106 00:04:47,570 --> 00:04:45,900 and ozone lines you know some indication 107 00:04:50,570 --> 00:04:47,580 you know from sessions on either side of 108 00:04:53,089 --> 00:04:50,580 us of you know colors that indicate you 109 00:04:56,749 --> 00:04:53,099 know signs of life water vapor carbon 110 00:04:59,240 --> 00:04:56,759 dioxide methane this cartoon though is a 111 00:05:01,400 --> 00:04:59,250 relatively high resolution spectrum and 112 00:05:04,460 --> 00:05:01,410 you know you look at this and this has a 113 00:05:06,529 --> 00:05:04,470 resolution of a resolution of somewhere 114 00:05:08,330 --> 00:05:06,539 around a few hundred to be able to get 115 00:05:11,779 --> 00:05:08,340 something of this great detail and we'd 116 00:05:14,480 --> 00:05:11,789 love to get this this is then when you 117 00:05:16,790 --> 00:05:14,490 jump to the simulations of what you get 118 00:05:20,659 --> 00:05:16,800 from a four meter telescope and it's not 119 00:05:23,930 --> 00:05:20,669 that great cartoon and the the other 120 00:05:25,610 --> 00:05:23,940 factor that was mentioned earlier is for 121 00:05:27,560 --> 00:05:25,620 a corona graphic telescope you're also 122 00:05:34,159 --> 00:05:27,570 limited by the interworking angle you 123 00:05:36,529 --> 00:05:34,169 get a cut off just below 1 micron clip 124 00:05:39,860 --> 00:05:36,539 this is what you can get with a 16 meter 125 00:05:41,659 --> 00:05:39,870 so it's quantitatively much different 126 00:05:43,070 --> 00:05:41,669 and you get to go to longer wavelengths 127 00:05:45,140 --> 00:05:43,080 cut off by the thermal limit of the 128 00:05:48,439 --> 00:05:45,150 telescope rather than by the diffraction 129 00:05:50,659 --> 00:05:48,449 limit and so the other factor is that 130 00:05:53,870 --> 00:05:50,669 big telescopes are much faster you get 131 00:05:55,790 --> 00:05:53,880 the spectra higher resolution you can 132 00:05:58,240 --> 00:05:55,800 separate the planet from the host star 133 00:06:01,070 --> 00:05:58,250 and you can get it in much less time 134 00:06:02,810 --> 00:06:01,080 this is just a quick picture that shows 135 00:06:05,990 --> 00:06:02,820 you the longest observable wavelength 136 00:06:07,850 --> 00:06:06,000 for a star at 10 parsecs and it's that 137 00:06:10,430 --> 00:06:07,860 inner working angle that's a function of 138 00:06:11,930 --> 00:06:10,440 lambda over D and it changes as you go 139 00:06:13,520 --> 00:06:11,940 in wavelength simply because of that 140 00:06:15,529 --> 00:06:13,530 lambda dependence the wavelength 141 00:06:17,510 --> 00:06:15,539 dependence and so if you're trying to 142 00:06:20,510 --> 00:06:17,520 separate a star from an earth at 1 au 143 00:06:22,279 --> 00:06:20,520 you get cut off just below 1 micron for 144 00:06:24,379 --> 00:06:22,289 M stars it's even worse of course 145 00:06:26,749 --> 00:06:24,389 because the habitable zone is so much 146 00:06:29,779 --> 00:06:26,759 closer if you go to a 16 metre telescope 147 00:06:32,089 --> 00:06:29,789 as you go to longer wavelengths you get 148 00:06:33,950 --> 00:06:32,099 to water feature just below a micron and 149 00:06:38,779 --> 00:06:33,960 you can keep going all the way up to the 150 00:06:41,480 --> 00:06:38,789 thermal limit of the telescope so the 151 00:06:43,810 --> 00:06:41,490 big question on the table is if we see a 152 00:06:47,360 --> 00:06:43,820 spectrum like this and we see some 153 00:06:49,219 --> 00:06:47,370 statistically significant dip one 154 00:06:51,850 --> 00:06:49,229 resolution element around the water line 155 00:06:54,040 --> 00:06:51,860 you know what does that allow us 156 00:06:59,320 --> 00:06:54,050 to say what will be perhaps the greatest 157 00:07:00,820 --> 00:06:59,330 scientific discovery ever made and I 158 00:07:02,740 --> 00:07:00,830 think we want to have data that looks 159 00:07:04,480 --> 00:07:02,750 something like this where we can 160 00:07:08,680 --> 00:07:04,490 definitively say where we have several 161 00:07:10,420 --> 00:07:08,690 resolution elements the other factor is 162 00:07:13,690 --> 00:07:10,430 it'll take about ten days of observation 163 00:07:15,970 --> 00:07:13,700 to make a spectrum like that to take one 164 00:07:18,640 --> 00:07:15,980 and about an hour with a 16 meter so we 165 00:07:21,480 --> 00:07:18,650 can cover a lot more exoplanets to make 166 00:07:24,400 --> 00:07:21,490 that discovery our resolution goes from 167 00:07:27,820 --> 00:07:24,410 resolving power about 70 to 500 168 00:07:31,480 --> 00:07:27,830 signalize ratio of 15 to 50 longest 169 00:07:33,250 --> 00:07:31,490 observable wavelengths I talked about so 170 00:07:34,900 --> 00:07:33,260 with a four meter telescope and those 171 00:07:37,180 --> 00:07:34,910 kind of observation times you can only 172 00:07:40,000 --> 00:07:37,190 examine about 12 exoplanets at that low 173 00:07:41,350 --> 00:07:40,010 resolution versus hundreds with a 16 174 00:07:43,360 --> 00:07:41,360 meter and of course we know where all 175 00:07:46,030 --> 00:07:43,370 the stars are so it allows you to go 176 00:07:49,030 --> 00:07:46,040 from you know 10 parsecs out to 30 177 00:07:51,970 --> 00:07:49,040 parsecs and you get to do all the rest 178 00:07:54,220 --> 00:07:51,980 of the cosmology and galactic astronomy 179 00:07:56,020 --> 00:07:54,230 another important point is that the 180 00:07:58,180 --> 00:07:56,030 larger your telescope and the shorter 181 00:08:00,280 --> 00:07:58,190 the observation time you can also do 182 00:08:02,620 --> 00:08:00,290 what we've done with epoxy and Galileo 183 00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:02,630 is actually build maps of these 184 00:08:08,170 --> 00:08:05,210 exoplanets through multicolor photometry 185 00:08:10,780 --> 00:08:08,180 and that's because you can observe multi 186 00:08:13,330 --> 00:08:10,790 colors and have exposure times as at 10 187 00:08:15,280 --> 00:08:13,340 parsecs with a 16 meter you can get a 188 00:08:17,260 --> 00:08:15,290 number of observations per day and watch 189 00:08:19,810 --> 00:08:17,270 the rotation of the planet just from the 190 00:08:21,820 --> 00:08:19,820 color changes with a 12 meter you can 191 00:08:24,250 --> 00:08:21,830 get to about an hour 8 meter here in a 192 00:08:25,990 --> 00:08:24,260 few hours and a 4 meter at least with a 193 00:08:27,220 --> 00:08:26,000 plan of the rotates in 24 hours you're 194 00:08:29,170 --> 00:08:27,230 spread out throughout the whole day and 195 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:29,180 you can't do it and that's important 196 00:08:32,590 --> 00:08:31,010 because if you see color changes that 197 00:08:34,090 --> 00:08:32,600 indicate continents and oceans that 198 00:08:36,310 --> 00:08:34,100 almost certainly in first plate 199 00:08:39,460 --> 00:08:36,320 tectonics which figures into our you 200 00:08:40,540 --> 00:08:39,470 know origins of life of course I 201 00:08:43,540 --> 00:08:40,550 mentioned that it can do a lot of other 202 00:08:45,400 --> 00:08:43,550 astronomy for instance a two point four 203 00:08:47,620 --> 00:08:45,410 meter Hubble here's a surface image of 204 00:08:50,680 --> 00:08:47,630 Pluto not so great of course we have New 205 00:08:53,530 --> 00:08:50,690 Horizons but with a 12-meter you can 206 00:08:56,350 --> 00:08:53,540 start to get resolutions on Pluto at 210 207 00:08:58,630 --> 00:08:56,360 kilometers here's geysers on Europa 208 00:09:00,550 --> 00:08:58,640 something we hope plumes that we would 209 00:09:02,980 --> 00:09:00,560 be able to do with a 12 meter you can 210 00:09:04,560 --> 00:09:02,990 certainly resolve those and the other 211 00:09:05,580 --> 00:09:04,570 factor 212 00:09:07,620 --> 00:09:05,590 that we heard is we really want 213 00:09:10,620 --> 00:09:07,630 ultraviolet and optical and that's 214 00:09:14,100 --> 00:09:10,630 something that is is plausible so here's 215 00:09:16,140 --> 00:09:14,110 and at last concept you know this is 216 00:09:18,210 --> 00:09:16,150 something that is really the next step 217 00:09:20,400 --> 00:09:18,220 beyond James Webb Space Telescope and 218 00:09:23,760 --> 00:09:20,410 when we start talking about well 12 219 00:09:26,250 --> 00:09:23,770 meters this verses 15 1 a 15 or 16 be 220 00:09:27,870 --> 00:09:26,260 much more expensive or even or 20 and it 221 00:09:29,880 --> 00:09:27,880 turns out that the price of the optics 222 00:09:32,670 --> 00:09:29,890 is only about 15 percent of the overall 223 00:09:34,740 --> 00:09:32,680 observatory and so if we build a 12 224 00:09:37,620 --> 00:09:34,750 meter and we get a great spectrum of an 225 00:09:38,820 --> 00:09:37,630 exoplanet and we see some feature we 226 00:09:40,170 --> 00:09:38,830 don't want to be in the position of 227 00:09:41,730 --> 00:09:40,180 saying wow that looks really interesting 228 00:09:43,350 --> 00:09:41,740 now we have to build the bigger 229 00:09:49,050 --> 00:09:43,360 telescope to find out if it's really 230 00:09:50,610 --> 00:09:49,060 important this is actually me we know 231 00:09:53,430 --> 00:09:50,620 how to build telescopes we know how to 232 00:09:56,010 --> 00:09:53,440 work on telescopes human spaceflight is 233 00:09:58,710 --> 00:09:56,020 building architectures already for the 234 00:10:00,930 --> 00:09:58,720 2020s that involve robotics that involve 235 00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:00,940 people so this is a notional idea of how 236 00:10:04,380 --> 00:10:02,890 you might be able to assemble using the 237 00:10:06,180 --> 00:10:04,390 Orion spacecraft in the Space Launch 238 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:06,190 System which is also important for 239 00:10:11,400 --> 00:10:09,010 Europa to build in this case a 20 plus 240 00:10:13,290 --> 00:10:11,410 meter telescope and these are astronauts 241 00:10:18,270 --> 00:10:13,300 with large segments mapping them 242 00:10:19,650 --> 00:10:18,280 together like Legos so if we really want 243 00:10:21,570 --> 00:10:19,660 to find out this answer if we want to 244 00:10:23,280 --> 00:10:21,580 get the high resolution spectra if we 245 00:10:24,600 --> 00:10:23,290 want to look at networks if we want to 246 00:10:27,120 --> 00:10:24,610 look complexity if we're going to look 247 00:10:28,950 --> 00:10:27,130 at multiple spectral lines and and lots 248 00:10:30,840 --> 00:10:28,960 of different planetary systems to be 249 00:10:33,450 --> 00:10:30,850 able to make sense of where the earth 250 00:10:36,390 --> 00:10:33,460 sits where Venus Mars sits and where our 251 00:10:39,540 --> 00:10:36,400 potential earth 2.0 mean might be we 252 00:10:41,610 --> 00:10:39,550 need to be bold and today actually is 253 00:10:44,880 --> 00:10:41,620 Hubble's birthday Hubble's anniversary 254 00:10:46,350 --> 00:10:44,890 on orbit so I'd want to quick show of 255 00:10:48,450 --> 00:10:46,360 hands although this audience isn't quite 256 00:10:49,860 --> 00:10:48,460 like the biology centric ones but how 257 00:10:53,790 --> 00:10:49,870 many people in the audience are younger 258 00:10:57,870 --> 00:10:53,800 than 27 you have never known a world 259 00:11:00,420 --> 00:10:57,880 without a hubble space telescope sadly 260 00:11:02,760 --> 00:11:00,430 that won't last forever and what is 261 00:11:04,920 --> 00:11:02,770 going to be our next ultraviolet visible 262 00:11:06,360 --> 00:11:04,930 telescope we don't know the answer to 263 00:11:08,670 --> 00:11:06,370 that we're going to have to create that 264 00:11:11,910 --> 00:11:08,680 future the Hubble wasn't created by a 265 00:11:14,400 --> 00:11:11,920 decadal survey it was endorsed by it the 266 00:11:16,890 --> 00:11:14,410 James Webb Space Telescope a truly 267 00:11:18,480 --> 00:11:16,900 audacious telescope October 2018 will 268 00:11:21,150 --> 00:11:18,490 launch wasn't created by the decade 269 00:11:23,160 --> 00:11:21,160 survey was endorsed by it so you know I 270 00:11:25,079 --> 00:11:23,170 think as astrobiologists we need to 271 00:11:27,690 --> 00:11:25,089 create the future that we want to see 272 00:11:30,090 --> 00:11:27,700 and we need to be bold and ambitious to 273 00:11:32,639 --> 00:11:30,100 do that so I'm excited because I think 274 00:11:35,220 --> 00:11:32,649 we all can imagine the moment when we do 275 00:11:37,440 --> 00:11:35,230 find that earth 2.0 or we do learn about 276 00:11:47,389 --> 00:11:37,450 a lot of different habitable planets but 277 00:11:57,930 --> 00:11:55,430 time for a few questions do you envisage 278 00:11:59,910 --> 00:11:57,940 something like the 16 meter telescope 279 00:12:03,750 --> 00:11:59,920 that you were talking about that it 280 00:12:05,730 --> 00:12:03,760 would be mostly a follow-up of known 281 00:12:08,250 --> 00:12:05,740 planets or discovery of new planets 282 00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:08,260 because the former requires a critical 283 00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:11,410 mass of targets that are appropriate and 284 00:12:17,400 --> 00:12:15,010 the latter will require more time to get 285 00:12:20,639 --> 00:12:17,410 the same amount of spectra as follow-up 286 00:12:22,050 --> 00:12:20,649 I think the good news about a the larger 287 00:12:24,420 --> 00:12:22,060 your aperture the faster your 288 00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:24,430 observations and so you can you can do 289 00:12:27,630 --> 00:12:26,410 both you know will certainly have from 290 00:12:30,870 --> 00:12:27,640 the transiting exoplanet survey 291 00:12:33,449 --> 00:12:30,880 satellite lots of transiting exoplanets 292 00:12:35,850 --> 00:12:33,459 we have mostly around M stars but the 293 00:12:38,190 --> 00:12:35,860 other good news is if with a large 294 00:12:40,889 --> 00:12:38,200 telescope say a 20 metre telescope you 295 00:12:43,079 --> 00:12:40,899 can very quickly at low resolution do 296 00:12:45,480 --> 00:12:43,089 direct imaging to identify the planets 297 00:12:46,949 --> 00:12:45,490 we know all the spectral types so we'll 298 00:12:48,660 --> 00:12:46,959 be able to identify planets in the 299 00:12:50,940 --> 00:12:48,670 habitable zone with relatively fast 300 00:12:53,069 --> 00:12:50,950 observations and then you can triage 301 00:12:55,470 --> 00:12:53,079 those to decide which ones do you want 302 00:12:57,240 --> 00:12:55,480 to followup on and so it's very general 303 00:12:59,190 --> 00:12:57,250 purpose the challenge will be arm 304 00:13:02,040 --> 00:12:59,200 wrestling with the cosmologists you know 305 00:13:03,630 --> 00:13:02,050 looking at you know distant galaxies and 306 00:13:06,150 --> 00:13:03,640 the folks who are doing galaxy surveys 307 00:13:07,980 --> 00:13:06,160 looking at individual stars in the 308 00:13:11,329 --> 00:13:07,990 entire local group doing what we've done 309 00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:11,339 within dromeda and Julia gulia & Elkins 310 00:13:18,389 --> 00:13:13,810 University of Washington work so thank 311 00:13:25,439 --> 00:13:22,410 we have two more myths I think what I 312 00:13:28,129 --> 00:13:25,449 just wanted to ask you something really 313 00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:28,139 it's not exactly a science question but 314 00:13:34,499 --> 00:13:31,810 so let's say people are not excited 315 00:13:39,629 --> 00:13:34,509 enough or finding life on little planets 316 00:13:43,710 --> 00:13:39,639 cosmologists okay and if it what can we 317 00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:43,720 I know what can we do so if you have 318 00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:45,610 some kind of a presentation like this or 319 00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:47,410 if you want to talk with them so what 320 00:13:51,689 --> 00:13:50,110 can we do because it needs to be some 321 00:13:54,150 --> 00:13:51,699 kind of a general astrophysics mission 322 00:13:56,430 --> 00:13:54,160 more than an exoplanet mission so 323 00:13:58,680 --> 00:13:56,440 contrary to everyone's believed it jwc 324 00:14:01,079 --> 00:13:58,690 is an asteroid with a commission it's 325 00:14:03,180 --> 00:14:01,089 not exactly enough to change website 326 00:14:05,850 --> 00:14:03,190 telescope is a good example where when 327 00:14:08,370 --> 00:14:05,860 it was started you know the total 328 00:14:11,970 --> 00:14:08,380 universe of known exoplanets was exactly 329 00:14:13,740 --> 00:14:11,980 zero yet if we were to design a 330 00:14:15,509 --> 00:14:13,750 telescope that was optimized for 331 00:14:18,030 --> 00:14:15,519 exoplanets we build James Webb Space 332 00:14:21,210 --> 00:14:18,040 Telescope so we were lucky but we were 333 00:14:22,769 --> 00:14:21,220 lucky deliberately in that we built a 334 00:14:24,059 --> 00:14:22,779 general-purpose Observatory that was 335 00:14:26,790 --> 00:14:24,069 very good at a lot of different 336 00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:26,800 astronomy and you know if you were to 337 00:14:32,069 --> 00:14:29,410 build a 16 meter you know UV visible 338 00:14:34,500 --> 00:14:32,079 telescope like a very large Hubble it 339 00:14:36,509 --> 00:14:34,510 will be tremendous across all areas of 340 00:14:39,150 --> 00:14:36,519 science and so even if you're a 341 00:14:40,410 --> 00:14:39,160 cosmologists who's really interested in 342 00:14:42,720 --> 00:14:40,420 the search for life in the universe but 343 00:14:44,850 --> 00:14:42,730 also you know you have your grant to do 344 00:14:47,250 --> 00:14:44,860 you know the most distant galaxies 345 00:14:48,840 --> 00:14:47,260 earliest galaxies you can appreciate the 346 00:14:50,720 --> 00:14:48,850 astrobiology question but you know that 347 00:14:53,610 --> 00:14:50,730 this telescope will also be really great 348 00:14:56,850 --> 00:14:53,620 for your work and almost anything that 349 00:14:59,280 --> 00:14:56,860 you know Hubble is doing a larger Hubble 350 00:15:01,410 --> 00:14:59,290 would do and then it's up to peer review 351 00:15:04,170 --> 00:15:01,420 and competition to decide how to 352 00:15:06,150 --> 00:15:04,180 actually use the telescope but I think 353 00:15:07,980 --> 00:15:06,160 everyone is interested in you know the 354 00:15:12,720 --> 00:15:07,990 question of are we alone that's a kind 355 00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:12,730 of a universal question Thanks one 356 00:15:18,420 --> 00:15:14,410 really quick question very quick 357 00:15:19,889 --> 00:15:18,430 question how much of your vision you're 358 00:15:21,389 --> 00:15:19,899 speaking here about the telescope but 359 00:15:23,819 --> 00:15:21,399 how look to the vision is also about 360 00:15:26,150 --> 00:15:23,829 those Legos being put together up in 361 00:15:28,710 --> 00:15:26,160 space by human beings 362 00:15:31,380 --> 00:15:28,720 so I'm a scientist but I'm also an 363 00:15:33,180 --> 00:15:31,390 engineer and an astronaut and so I like 364 00:15:35,430 --> 00:15:33,190 to jump to the okay how are we going to 365 00:15:37,020 --> 00:15:35,440 do it pretty quickly but I think you'll 366 00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:37,030 hear next that you can get pretty big 367 00:15:41,430 --> 00:15:39,490 without having to invoke astronauts 368 00:15:42,840 --> 00:15:41,440 assembling things but on the other side 369 00:15:45,180 --> 00:15:42,850 I'm looking at a human spaceflight 370 00:15:46,740 --> 00:15:45,190 enterprise that quite frankly for at 371 00:15:47,880 --> 00:15:46,750 least the last eight years has been 372 00:15:49,920 --> 00:15:47,890 going sideways 373 00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:49,930 we have great capabilities but we don't 374 00:15:53,700 --> 00:15:51,130 know where we're going or what we're 375 00:15:56,460 --> 00:15:53,710 going to use them for and so I see this 376 00:15:58,260 --> 00:15:56,470 as sort of bearing the vision of you 377 00:16:00,960 --> 00:15:58,270 know what should humans be doing in 378 00:16:03,510 --> 00:16:00,970 space and what should we be doing a 379 00:16:05,970 --> 00:16:03,520 scientist that you know it's kind of an 380 00:16:08,220 --> 00:16:05,980 opportunity for us that we'll have all 381 00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:08,230 this capability to put people in space 382 00:16:12,840 --> 00:16:10,210 to put robotics in space to put large 383 00:16:15,480 --> 00:16:12,850 things in space well let's use that 384 00:16:16,860 --> 00:16:15,490 wisely and what better use than building 385 00:16:21,360 --> 00:16:16,870 a big telescope to find out if we're 386 00:16:25,020 --> 00:16:23,490 following on that so one of the big 387 00:16:26,730 --> 00:16:25,030 differences between Hubble and James 388 00:16:28,740 --> 00:16:26,740 Webb is serviceability and that James 389 00:16:29,880 --> 00:16:28,750 Webb has done do you think that 390 00:16:31,530 --> 00:16:29,890 serviceability is going to be an 391 00:16:34,680 --> 00:16:31,540 important part of the future Space 392 00:16:36,510 --> 00:16:34,690 Telescope's I think that the question of 393 00:16:38,340 --> 00:16:36,520 serviceability beyond whether you 394 00:16:40,260 --> 00:16:38,350 assemble it or not which is completely 395 00:16:44,040 --> 00:16:40,270 separable question is really important 396 00:16:46,610 --> 00:16:44,050 the reason why you saw in Daniels talk 397 00:16:49,590 --> 00:16:46,620 he's amazing Wide Field Camera 3 398 00:16:51,540 --> 00:16:49,600 spectrum dispersed you know spectra is 399 00:16:53,970 --> 00:16:51,550 because we could put in Wide Field 400 00:16:56,010 --> 00:16:53,980 Camera 3 you know 25 years after the 401 00:16:58,050 --> 00:16:56,020 telescope or 23 years after the 402 00:17:00,240 --> 00:16:58,060 telescope was put up and so 403 00:17:02,070 --> 00:17:00,250 serviceability and once you have a basic 404 00:17:04,260 --> 00:17:02,080 optics that are good the serviceability 405 00:17:07,500 --> 00:17:04,270 Act allows you to put new instruments in 406 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:07,510 that keep the observatory vital the 407 00:17:11,970 --> 00:17:09,010 James Webb Space Telescope should 408 00:17:13,650 --> 00:17:11,980 hopefully last about 11 years which 11 409 00:17:16,559 --> 00:17:13,660 or 12 years which is its propellant 410 00:17:18,600 --> 00:17:16,569 margin and then we're done you know 411 00:17:20,370 --> 00:17:18,610 today we're celebrating hubble's 27th 412 00:17:22,230 --> 00:17:20,380 anniversary that's part of the power of 413 00:17:24,569 --> 00:17:22,240 Hubble so I think the serviceability is 414 00:17:26,970 --> 00:17:24,579 a critical role and and Congress 415 00:17:29,190 --> 00:17:26,980 actually coded that in the authorization 416 00:17:31,200 --> 00:17:29,200 NASA Authorization Act of 2010 that 417 00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:31,210 requires all future observatories to 418 00:17:37,480 --> 00:17:33,610 evaluate when practical I think they use 419 00:17:41,980 --> 00:17:37,490 the word practicable serviceability so 420 00:17:42,340 --> 00:17:41,990 as always by law we have to do it let's 421 00:17:43,410 --> 00:17:42,350 think